Objective：To study the mechanism of Jianpi Yishen Yudai prescription on improving ability of learning and memory and oxidative stress of rats with vascular dementia.Methods：Rat Models of vascular dementia were established by permanent ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries.Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group，the model group，the Jianpi Yishen Yudai prescription group of high dose(YD-H group)，the Jianpi Yishen Yudai prescription group of low dose(YD-L group)，and the Donepezil group(DON group).Morris water maze method was adopted to test the ability of learning and memory of rats； the contents of superoxide dismutase(SOD)，glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)and malondialdehyde(MDA)in brain were detected.The morphological change of pathological tissues in hippocampus was observed under microscope.Expression levelsof Nuclea factor erythroid-2-related factor2(Nrf2)，NOX1 and Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)mRNA in brain tissues were detected.Results：Compared with those in the sham-operated group，escape latency of rats was obviously extended(P＜0.05)，the number of times of crossing the location of platform in 60 s of rats was decreased(P＜0.05).The contents of SOD，GSH-PX，Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA in brain tissues were obviously decreased and the contents of MDA and NOX1 mRNA were obviously increased(P＜0.05).Compared with those in the modelgroup，escape latency of rats was obviously shortened，the number of times of crossing the location of platform in 60 s of rats was increased in the YD-L，YD-H and the DON group(P＜0.01)and the histopathological abnormalities of hippocampal tissue were significantly improved.The contents of SOD，GSH-PX，Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA in brain tissues were obviously increased and the contents of MDA and NOX1 mRNA were obviously decreased in the YD-H，YD-L and the DON group，differences being significant(P＜0.01).Conclusion：Jianpi Yishen Yudai prescription can obviously improve the ability of learning and memory of rats with vascular dementia，its mechanism may be related to reducing hippocampal neuronal damage and oxidative stress to produce neuroprotective effects.