Abstract：Objective：To observe the clinical effect of Niuhuang Jiedu tablets for acute pulpitis after one-time root canal treatment，and its effect on the levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum. Methods：A total of 108 cases with acute pulpitis were divided into two groups according to the random number table method，54 cases in each group. Both groups received one- time root canal treatment， and the observation group was treated with Niuhuang Jiedu tablets after the surgery. The clinical effect，levels of interleukin-6(IL-6)，interleukin-8(IL-8) and leukotriene B4(LTB4) in serum and the postoperative pain were compared between the two groups. Results：The total effective rate was 100% in the observation group，higher than that of 88.89% in the control group，the difference being significant(P＜0.05). Seven days after the surgery，the levels of IL-6， IL-8 and LTB4 in serum in both groups were decreased significantly when compared with those before the surgery，and the above levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group，differences being significant(P＜0.05). The incidence of pain in the observation group was 9.26%，lower than that of 25.93% in the control group，the difference being significant(P＜0.05). Conclusion： Niuhuang Jiedu tablets has significant therapeutic effect in treating patients with acute pulpitis after one-time root canal treatment，which can reduce the bodily inflammatory responses and postoperative pain.