Abstract： Objective： To observe the clinical effect of Compound Shangtong Capsules assisting percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) on osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures (OTCF). Methods： A total of 150 patients with OTCF were selected and divided into the control group and the observation group according to the random number table method， with 75 cases in each group. Both groups were treated by PVP， the control group was given postoperative treatments， including relieving pain， oxygen inhalation， bedridden immobilization， anti- infection， anti- osteoporosis and rehabilitative exercise，and the observation group was additionally treated with Compound Shangtong Capsules based on the treatment of the control group. The clinical effects，incidence of complications as well as the anterior vertebral height，wedging angle of vertebrae，Cobb angle of kyphosis of vertebrae and bone density before PVP and after 3 months of PVP were compared between the two groups. Results： After 3 months of operation，the total effective rate of clinical effect was 97.33% in the observation group，higher than that of 89.33% in the control group (P＜0.05). After 3 months of operation， the anterior vertebral height in both groups were increased when compared with that before PVP (P＜0.05)， the wedging angle of vertebrae and Cobb angle of kyphosis were reduced when compared with those before PVP (P＜0.05)；the anterior vertebral height in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P＜0.05)，the wedging angle of vertebral and Cobb angle of kyphosis were smaller than those in the control group (P＜ 0.05)；the values of L2~4 vertebrae and density of left femoral neck bone were increased when compared with those before treatment (P＜0.05)；the values of L2~4 vertebrae and density of left femoral neck bone in the observation group were bigger than those in the control group (P＜0.05). Within 3 months after operation，the incidence of complications was 8.00% in the observation group，slightly higher than that of 5.33% in the control group，there being no significance in the difference (P＞0.05). Conclusion：Compound Shangtong Capsules assisting PVP for OTCF can enhance the clinical effect， increase the bone density， and promote the recovery of injured vertebrae of patients.